Somewhere Over the Rainbow
Where exactly do dreams come true? Weâll need a few prepositions (and maybe even a prepositional phrase) to find outâŠ
Somewhere over the rainbow Way up high
Someday, I wish upon a star Wake up where the clouds are far behind me Where trouble melts like lemon drops High above the chimney top
Prepositions help describe where one thing is in relation to another, in addition to describing movement, time, or providing a description of something/someone based on their location. Prepositional phrases can consist of multiple words, which, when combined, function as a preposition does.
In Spanish there are also many locuciones preposicionales, which can be thought of as âcompound prepositions.â Usually, prepositions answer the questions âwhere?â (functioning as an adverb) and âwhich one?â (functioning as an adjective).
These small words make a big difference. Consider the difference between these two responses:
â ÂżDĂłnde estĂĄ la araña? Whereâs the spider?
A: EstĂĄ en el tocador Itâs in the dresser.
B: EstĂĄ sobre el tocador. Itâs on top of the dresser.
If youâre hunting a large spider in your apartment, I imagine youâd like to know the difference.
Though Spanish allows you to express the same types of spatial (e.g., beneath, above) and temporal (e.g., before, after) relations between objects, the correlations between prepositions is not one to one. Itâs more like a mix-and-match between English and Spanish prepositions, with certain Spanish prepositions doing double duty (correlating to multiple English prepositions) and vice versa. In situations like the one above, itâs very important to know the difference!
The Most Common Spanish Prepositions
The good news is that apart from the contraction of a and de with el (al and del, respectively), prepositions do not change to show gender/number, etc. like many other Spanish words. This means that you can just plug the appropriate preposition into the sentence. Be aware that in Spanish, prepositions cannot come after the noun like they can in English (actually called postpositions), so rather than translating word for word, youâll need to keep in mind which preposition is appropriate as well as where it belongs.
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Simple (One-Word) Prepositions
Spanish Prepositions | English Equivalents |
---|---|
a | at, to |
ante | before, in the face of, in the presence of |
bajo | under, below |
con | with |
contra | against, in exchange for |
de | of, about, from |
desde | since, from |
durante | during, for |
en | in, into, by, inside, within, at |
entre | between, among, amongst |
excepto | except (for) |
hacia | towards, about, around |
hasta | as far as, up to, until, till |
mediante | by means of |
para | for, in order to, toward |
por | because of, (in order) to, for, by, through, per |
segĂșn | according to, depending on |
sin | without |
sobre | on (top of), over, above, about, upon |
tras | after (later in time / in search of), behind (on the other side of) |
Complex (Multi-Word) Prepositions
Spanish Prepositions | English Equivalents |
---|---|
ademĂĄs de | as well as, in addition to, besides |
al lado de | beside |
alrededor de | around, about |
antes de, delante de | before |
a pesar de | despite |
cerca de | near, close (to) |
con respecto a | in respect of |
de acuerdo con | in accordance with |
debajo de | under, underneath |
delante de | in front of |
dentro de | in, inside, into, within |
encima de | on (top of), above, over |
(en) frente a/de | opposite, towards |
fuera de, a excepciĂłn de | except for, apart from |
junto a | next to, right by, near |
Are you en the know?
âInâ may seem like the obvious translation of âen.â In some cases, you can get away with using âenâ in the same way as âin,â while in others the usage diverges from English.
Location
El pastel estĂĄ en la nevera. The cake is in the fridge.
Estoy en casa. Iâm in the house.
As for talking about being inside of a building or a location like a park, forest, or beach, the Spanish âenâ actually seems more consistent than English⊠We wonât get into why English uses âatâ for some locations, but in Spanish, you can use âenâ for all of these examples:
Estoy en la casa de mi abuela. Iâm at my grandmotherâs house.
Estamos en el banco. We are at the bank.
ÂżTe gusta hacer fiestas en la playa? Do you like to party at the beach?
En should also be used when talking about an event, rather than a strictly physical location.
Entramos en la fiesta. We enter the party.
Lloré en la boda. I cried at the wedding.
Where English uses âonâ or âbyâ to talk about modes of transport, Spanish thinks of you as being âinâ the mode of transport (Yes, we are counting swings as a mode of transport!).
Ella bebe cerveza en el tren. She drinks beer on the train.
El niño se sienta en los columpios. The child is sitting on the swings.
Voy en bus. Iâm going by bus.
Time
As in English, âenâ is used to talk about when something will happen:
en un minuto â in a minute en otoño â in the autumn
Describing âHowâ
Solo hablamos en español. We only speak in Spanish.
ÂżEn serio? Are you serious?
Subjects or Skills
When talking about subjects or fields of skills, Spanish uses en where English uses both in and at:
Todos son terribles en matemĂĄticas. They are all terrible at math.
Ha tenido mucha prĂĄctica en negociaciones. Sheâs had a lot of practice in negotiation.
De: itâs more than âde nadaâ
Apart from the phrase for âYouâre welcomeâ or more literally âof nothing/itâs nothing,â âdeâ can correspond to âof,â âto,â âfrom,â and even âbyâ in English in the following contexts:
Ownership
los zapatos de Jose⊠Joseâs shoes⊠(literally: the shoes of Jose)
Origin
Ella es de Colombia. She is from Colombia.
Topic or âAboutnessâ
un curso de fĂsica⊠a physics courseâŠ
una empresa de marketing⊠a marketing companyâŠ
Sabemos todo del helado. We know everything about ice cream.
Location
encima de on top of
al lado de beside
From Here to There
de aquĂ a Londres from here to London
de una cosa a otra from one thing to another
Bits and Pieces
un pedazo de manzana a piece of apple
un poco de azĂșcar a little bit of sugar
When
de dĂa by day
de sĂĄbado a domingo from Saturday to Sunday
Causes
morirse de la risa to die of laughter
llorar de felicidad to cry from happiness
What itâs made of
EstĂĄ hecho de seda. Itâs made of silk.
Though these tables of translations are helpful to draw your attention to the differences between prepositions in Spanish, the real trick is being exposed to as much Spanish as possible! After hearing prepositions paired with certain verbs, the appropriate preposition will begin to feel right in certain contexts without any explanation, just as they do in your native language. Try listening to Spanish podcasts or radio stations while on the go or comparing the use of prepositions in English and Spanish versions of short stories side by side. With Lingvist you can learn Spanish online and quiz yourself using fill-in-the blank exercises and more!